201102-cs0005-map03-futures.vue #FFFFFF #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ebfba04ec0a8017a001b9b0382204bf5 #404040 #000000 -plain-3 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ebfba04ec0a8017a001b9b03313be791 <html> <head style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #000000; font-size: 13; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Arial } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 13; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } p { margin-left: 0; color: #000000; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 13; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } --> </style> </head> <body> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> CS0005 map 03: Futures </p> </body> </html> #404040 #000000 DejaVu Sans Light-plain-72 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/6ec744e209411b8700c51ce4d3b818cf <html> <head> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #000000; font-size: 12; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Comic Sans MS } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Comic Sans MS } p { margin-left: 0; color: #000000; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Comic Sans MS } --> </style> </head> <body> <p> </p> </body> </html> #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/6ec744f209411b8700c51ce48b848a1d #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763585094c0cf40108294ef012317a <html> <head style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #000000; font-size: 12; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Arial } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } p { margin-left: 0; color: #000000; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } --> </style> </head> <body> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> Table 3.1 The Four Basic Orientations to Planning </p> </body> </html> #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763585094c0cf40108294e3a465a43 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763585094c0cf40108294e0bf320a2 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763585094c0cf40108294e141aa1ce #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763585094c0cf40108294e331f047e #FFFFFF #00000000 #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763585094c0cf40108294edc4c2269 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763585094c0cf40108294ef03e5a91 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763585094c0cf40108294e19ef809c #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763585094c0cf40108294e13b3cfd5 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763585094c0cf40108294edbf714fb #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763585094c0cf40108294e107391ea #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763585094c0cf40108294e16593d9b #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763585094c0cf40108294ec3f9ebfb #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763585094c0cf40108294efe1b24fa #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763585094c0cf40108294e8faa2cc9 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763585094c0cf40108294e48c95e3b #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763594094c0cf40108294eba88edb5 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763594094c0cf40108294e40a4019d #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763594094c0cf40108294ec88d0660 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763594094c0cf40108294ea0b17a23 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763594094c0cf40108294ea9d7c6cd #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763594094c0cf40108294e70a0addb #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763594094c0cf40108294e79e096e6 <html> <head style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #000000; font-size: 12; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Arial } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } p { margin-left: 0; color: #000000; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } --> </style> </head> <body> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> Reactivists are satisfied eneither with thing as they are nor with way they are going. [... They] seek to return to a previous state by <i>unmaking</i> the relevant intervening changes. [p. 53] </p> </body> </html> #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763594094c0cf40108294e962d3c2e <html> <head style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #000000; font-size: 12; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Arial } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } p { margin-left: 0; color: #000000; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } --> </style> </head> <body> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> Inactivists are satisfied with things as they are. They are unwilling to return to a previous state and they do not like the way things are going. Therefore, they try to <i>prevent</i> change. [p. 56] </p> </body> </html> #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763594094c0cf40108294e6773dc71 <html> <head style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #000000; font-size: 12; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Arial } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } p { margin-left: 0; color: #000000; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } --> </style> </head> <body> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> Preactivism is the dominant style of management in the United States today ... They beleive the future will be better than either the present or the past. Therefore, they seek to <i>accelerate</i> change and exploit the opportunities it brings. [p. 56] </p> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> </p> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> Planning in a preactive organization consists of predicting the future and preparing for it. [....] </p> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> </p> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> Of the two parts of planning, prediction and preparation, prediction is the most important. .... Therefore, they put a great deal of effort into improving forecasting. [p. 59] </p> </body> </html> #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763594094c0cf40108294ee61bfa63 <html> <head style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #000000; font-size: 12; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Arial } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } p { margin-left: 0; color: #000000; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } --> </style> </head> <body> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> ... interactivists deny an assumption ... that the future is largely out of our control .... Interactivists ... maintain the future is largely subject to creation. [p. 62] </p> </body> </html> #404040 #404040 Arial-plain-11 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763594094c0cf40108294e75b2304e 323 331 #404040 #404040 Arial-plain-11 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763594094c0cf40108294e653b6caf 324 333 #404040 #404040 Arial-plain-11 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763594094c0cf40108294e2ba0a153 325 334 #404040 #404040 Arial-plain-11 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff763594094c0cf40108294ec296cce3 326 #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e0b3e09ff <html> <head style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #000000; font-size: 12; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Arial } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } p { margin-left: 0; color: #000000; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } --> </style> </head> <body> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> Humans are more than ends-seeking animals; we are ideal-seeking. Curiously, however, this characteristic of humans is ignored in all approaches to planning other than the interactive. </p> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> </p> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> There are three types of ends that people pursue: </p> <ol color="#000000"> <li> Goals: those ends that we can expect to attain within the period covered by planning. </li> <li> Objectives: those ends that we do not expect to attain within the period planned for but which we hope to attain later, and toward which we believe progress is possible within the period planned for. </li> <li> Ideals: those ends that are believed to be unattainable but towards which we believe progress is possible during and after the period planned for. </li> </ol> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> </p> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> Planning ought to involve explicitly all three types of ends, but it seldom does. Which types are taken into account determine whether planning is operational, tactical, strategic, or normative (see Table 3.2). [p. 63] </p> </body> </html> #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e2eea8285 <html> <head style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #000000; font-size: 12; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Arial } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } p { margin-left: 0; color: #000000; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } --> </style> </head> <body> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> Table 3.2 Types of Planning and Planning Postures </p> </body> </html> #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 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http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294ea6510a9d #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e258a0f93 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e33874169 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e9c46ce79 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e41ecba0d #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e16017b6d #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e910193f0 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e89e2f316 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294ee0b514da #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e853023b3 <html> <head style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #000000; font-size: 12; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Arial } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } p { margin-left: 0; color: #000000; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } --> </style> </head> <body> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> The ancient Greek philosophers identiifed four pursuits individually necessary and collectively sufficient for the development of man: truth, plenty, good and beauty. [p. 38] </p> </body> </html> #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e61ed7ae2 <html> <head style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #000000; font-size: 12; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Arial } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } p { margin-left: 0; color: #000000; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } --> </style> </head> <body> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> 1. The pursuit of <i>truth</i> is the <i>scientific</i> and <i>technological</i> function of society. </p> </body> </html> #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e9068e8cf <html> <head style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #000000; font-size: 12; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Arial } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } p { margin-left: 0; color: #000000; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } --> </style> </head> <body> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> 2. The pursuit of <i>plenty</i> is the <i>economic</i> function of society. </p> </body> </html> #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294ef59716d5 <html> <head style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #000000; font-size: 12; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Arial } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } p { margin-left: 0; color: #000000; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } --> </style> </head> <body> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> 3. The pursuit of the <i>good</i> is the <i>ethical-moral</i> function of society. </p> </body> </html> #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e9ddb0ba7 <html> <head style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #000000; font-size: 12; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Arial } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } p { margin-left: 0; color: #000000; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } --> </style> </head> <body> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> 4. The pursuit of <i>beauty</i> is the <i>aesthetic</i> function of society. </p> </body> </html> #404040 #404040 Arial-plain-11 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e8df63c6a 378 379 #404040 #404040 Arial-plain-11 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e2d2c2d85 378 380 #404040 #404040 Arial-plain-11 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e45bcb5ed 378 381 #404040 #404040 Arial-plain-11 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ff8a6afb094c0cf40108294e310f77a1 378 382 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e42b4e97f #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e7ab6af2b #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e86c315bc #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e106c9f4b #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e82fdf50d #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294ecbbab504 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e068ab451 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e9d85266f #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294ef5b1d7fb #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294ed96bf0d8 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e70d0624d #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294ece96a34d #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e371c513b #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e1096b3dc #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e54d72ae9 #404040 #404040 Arial-plain-11 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e3ab091b9 389 397 #404040 #404040 Arial-plain-11 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e2903321f 389 398 #404040 #404040 Arial-plain-11 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294eab35be17 389 401 #404040 #404040 Arial-plain-11 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294efc87c578 398 399 #404040 #404040 Arial-plain-11 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e6f0f3e01 398 400 #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e801c7437 <html> <head style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #000000; font-size: 11; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Arial } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } p { margin-left: 0; color: #000000; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } --> </style> </head> <body> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> In the 1960s, a projection was made that showed that if American universities continued to turn out scientistis at the same increasing rate as they had over the recent past, by the end of the century there would be more scientists in the United States than people.&#160; The inevitable reduction in the growth of science programs could, therefore, be seen.&#160; Unfortunately, it was ignored by many universities whose subsequent financial difficulties are attributable to this oversight.&#160; [p. 98] </p> </body> </html> #404040 #404040 Arial-plain-11 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e0db621b0 401 408 #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294ec3cd49a4 <html> <head style="color: #404040" color="#404040"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #404040; font-size: 11; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Arial } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } p { margin-left: 0; color: #404040; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } --> </style> </head> <body> <p style="color: #404040" color="#404040"> The selection of ideals ... takes place through an idealized design of a system that does not exist, or an idealized redesign of one that does.&#160; Such a design or redesign is a conception of the system that that its designers would like to have right now, not at some future date.&#160; Therefore, the environment in which the system would have to operate need not be forecast; it is the currrent environment.&#160; .... </p> <p style="color: #404040" color="#404040"> </p> <p style="color: #404040" color="#404040"> There are three properties required of an idealized design of a system:&#160; it should be (1) technologically feasible, (2) operationally viable, and (3) capable of rapid learning and adaptation. [p. 105] </p> </body> </html> #404040 #404040 Arial-plain-11 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/ffdbcd64094c0cf40108294e42db0f2e 390 410 #FFFFFF #776D6D #000000 Arial-plain-12 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/0002c2f7094c0cf40108294ea017c7b0 #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/0002c2f7094c0cf40108294e6f5c58f7 #404040 #000000 SansSerif-plain-14 http://vue.tufts.edu/vue.rdfs#none 1 http://vue.tufts.edu/rdf/resource/04002eba094c0cf40108294e2dfec14f <html> <head style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { margin-left: 0px; color: #000000; font-size: 12; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Arial } ol { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } p { margin-left: 0; color: #000000; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0 } ul { list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 30; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12; margin-top: 6; font-family: Arial } --> </style> </head> <body> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> A design for action is fundamentally different from a plan of action. Action plans, and their close relatives, procedures, are only as good as the ability of the planners to identify in advance what contingencies might arise. That&#8217;s why they never survive first contact with the enemy, who ordinarily is not a willing contributor to the planning process. </p> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> Designs for action, on the other hand, are system architectures that specify capabilities and the interactions between them. There is no time dimension in such a design. There are no activities in such a design. There is only the specification of: </p> <ol color="#000000"> <li> The outcome that the organisation is missioned to produce ... </li> <li> The type of effects, or outcomes, that each design element (role) is accountable for producing ... </li> <li> Who is accountable for producing and who for receiving each category of outcome, </li> <li> What are the constraint/restraint boundaries governing the deployment of the capabilities ... </li> </ol> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> A design for action is a role and accountability design that defines who owes what to whom. In a stable environment, the roles can be dispatched in advance. This results in a schedule or a process design. Because things are sufficiently predicable, the premium is on efficient -- even six sigma -- execution of the schedule. The design for action is transformed into an plan of action by the people at the top of the organisation.&#160; [....] In this mindset, deviations from the plan are considered defects. </p> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> But when things are so unpredictable that you have to expect continuous surprise, you want to sequence your capabilities as late as possible. To the maximum extent possible, you want the local commanders to do it, because they know more about what they need in the moment. For this to result in coherent behaviour at the organisational level, these commanders must be in constant touch with one another, share information about what is happening, and operate with internally consistent rules of engagement. They can then exploit the increased tempo enabled by an ability to locally dispatch and synchronise ... combat elements. The [enemy] army had much slower sense-and-respond cycles, and were consequently back on their heels from the start of the war. </p> <p style="color: #000000" color="#000000"> The question for business managers and strategic planners is: does the company face traditional enemies who fight in relatively predictable ways, in which case they can rely on a century of good theory and practice on how to plan, make and sell better? Or does it face what the military calls &#8216;asymmetric&#8217; threats and opportunities in an unpredictable environment of rapid change? The nature of businesses in an information economy suggests that leaders need to move beyond planning contingency actions. To do so they must become adept at applying the principles of adaptive systems designs that leverage the combinatorial mathematics of modular systems. 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